Impacts of BWCs on Officer Activity: Directory of Outcomes

The research base on the impact of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) has grown rapidly, and over time, the results have become increasingly mixed. This development poses two problems: 

1. It is difficult to keep track of the quickly growing evidence base. 
2. It is difficult to make sense of the sometimes competing findings across studies. 

Moreover, studies can vary widely in terms of their methodological rigor. We have developed the Body-Worn Camera Outcome Directories to address these two problems. The Directories provide a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the existing research by outcome (use of force, citizen complaints, officer activity). Importantly, each study’s entry has been approved by the primary researcher to ensure accuracy (when the primary researcher could not be reached, an independent reviewer was tasked with peer-reviewing the interpretation of the study’s findings). 

Each directory is presented in two formats: A summary version and a detailed version. Both versions contain, for each study, the agency being evaluated, the agency’s state or country, the researchers conducting the study (with a link to the study), the year in which the study was published, an assessment of the study’s methodological rigor using the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale, and summaries of the study’s findings using visual indicators (green down-arrow, red up-arrow, or yellow dot). The detailed version of the directories also includes the percent change for between- and within-group comparisons and study sample size. More detailed instructions for interpreting the directories are included in each document. 

Currently, directories for officer activity are available below, though additional outcomes are forthcoming.  If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Michael White (mdwhite1@asu.edu), Dr. Janne Gaub (jgaub@uncc.edu), or the BWC TTA Team (bwctta@cna.org).

• Impact of BWCs on Officer Activity: Summary

• Impact of BWCs on Officer Activity: Detailed

Summary of the Officer Activities BWC Outcome Directory (2/5/24)

The Officer Activity Directory provides information on 19 published studies or reports that examine the impact of BWCs on the prevalence of arrests, citations, and self-initiated activities. Some studies examine multiple activity outcomes. Sixteen studies examine arrest, four examine citations, and 13 examine self-initiated activities. It is unknown whether a change in any of the activity measures is positive or negative. Is an increase in arrests positive? Is a decrease in arrests positive? Neither is clear. Same with self-initiated activity. A decrease could indicate a form of de-policing as officers disengage. Or an increase could be received negatively by the community. The local context of the findings matters greatly. A few notable findings emerge: 

1. Ten of the 19 studies are randomized controlled trials (RCTs), displayed as Level 5 on the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale (MSMS). Six studies are Level 4, two are Level 3, and just one is Level 2. This finding highlights the robust methodological rigor of the rapidly growing body of research on BWCs.
2. Eight of the 16 studies showed no impact on arrest activity. Four studies report substantial or statistically significant increases in arrests, and four studies report the opposite (substantial or statistically significant decreases). The evidence examining the impact of BWCs on arrest activity is mixed.
3. The findings related to citations are more definitive. Three of 4 studies reported substantial or statistically significant increases in citations following deployment of BWCs. One study reported a statistically significant decrease in citations. The evidence suggests that BWCs may lead to an increase in citations.
4. Seven of the 13 studies found BWCs had no impact on self-initiated activity. Four studies showed an increase, and two showed a decrease. The evidence suggests that BWCs typically do not affect officer self-initiated activity.